Tech Courses by CISCO and Google

Tuesday, May 20, 2025

Google Cloud Security Engineer Training: Your Complete Guide to Mastering GCP Security

In today's rapidly digitizing world, cloud security isn't optional — it's essential. Organizations are increasingly turning to Google Cloud Platform (GCP) for its advanced, scalable, and secure infrastructure. But securing the cloud requires more than just technology — it needs people with the right skills. That’s where Google Cloud Security Engineer training comes in.

Whether you're a security professional looking to upgrade your cloud credentials or an IT pro breaking into cybersecurity, this guide will help you understand everything about becoming a Google Cloud Security Engineer.

🔐 What Is a Google Cloud Security Engineer?

A Google Cloud Security Engineer is responsible for designing and implementing secure infrastructures on GCP. They manage identity and access, ensure data protection, and handle incident response using GCP-native tools.

Key responsibilities include:

Configuring access control using IAM and service accounts
Ensuring data encryption in transit and at rest
Setting up logging and monitoring
Managing security policies and compliance
Detecting and mitigating threats using Security Command Center

🎯 Why Pursue Google Cloud Security Engineer Training?

Let’s face it — cloud security roles are in high demand. According to LinkedIn, cloud security engineering is among the top 10 emerging jobs globally.

Here’s why this training is worth your time:

✅ High-paying career: Average salaries range from $120,000 to $160,000/year
✅ Job security: With increasing cloud breaches, cybersecurity skills are recession-proof
✅ Certification boosts credibility: Google Cloud Certified – Professional Cloud Security Engineer is recognized globally
✅ Skill relevance: Gain hands-on knowledge of real GCP tools like VPC Service Controls, IAM, and Cloud Armor

🧠 What You'll Learn in a Google Cloud Security Engineer Course

A high-quality training program covers both foundational concepts and hands-on labs using real GCP environments. Here’s a breakdown of the topics:

1. Identity and Access Management (IAM)

Setting up roles, policies, and service accounts
Understanding least privilege principle

2. Network Security

Configuring secure VPCs, firewall rules, and peering
Using Private Google Access

3. Data Protection

Encrypting sensitive data
Managing Cloud KMS and Secret Manager

4. Monitoring & Logging

Using Cloud Audit Logs, Cloud Logging, and Monitoring
Integrating with Security Command Center

5. Threat Detection & Response

Implementing alerts and automated responses
Security playbooks and compliance best practices

📚 Recommended Courses and Resources

Here are some top-rated resources to prepare effectively:

Resource	Description
Google Cloud Training: Security Engineer Learning Path	Official Google Cloud learning path
Coursera – Preparing for Google Cloud Security Engineer Exam	Beginner-friendly video course
Qwiklabs Hands-On Labs	Interactive GCP environment for real-world practice
NetCom Learning	Instructor-led Google Cloud Security Engineer training

💼 Who Should Take This Training?

This course is ideal for:

Security Engineers & Analysts
Cloud Architects
Network Engineers
DevSecOps Professionals
Anyone preparing for the Google Cloud Certified – Professional Cloud Security Engineer exam

🧪 Certification Exam Overview

To become certified, you must pass the Professional Cloud Security Engineer exam.

Details:

Duration: 2 hours
Format: Multiple-choice and multiple-select
Cost: $200
Delivery: Online proctored or at a testing center
Prerequisite: None officially, but hands-on experience is recommended

📌 Tip: Google recommends at least 1 year of experience in GCP and 3 years in security roles before attempting the exam.

🏁 Real-World Benefits of Certification

🚀 Career Boost

Certified professionals often move into senior cloud security roles, and some even transition into CISO-track positions.

🌍 Global Recognition

GCP is used by top companies like Spotify, PayPal, and Twitter. A Google Cloud certification is a globally accepted standard.

💡 Up-to-date Skills

Google frequently updates GCP’s security services. Training keeps you current with latest cloud security trends.

✅ Final Thoughts

Investing in Google Cloud Security Engineer training is a smart move for IT professionals aiming for future-proof careers. From robust job opportunities to industry-wide recognition, this path offers unmatched rewards.

If you're passionate about cloud security and want to work with cutting-edge GCP tools, this training is your gateway.

🎓 Ready to Level Up?

👉 Explore instructor-led training with NetCom Learning
👉 Try hands-on labs at Qwiklabs
👉 Start learning for free on Google Cloud Skills Boost

Would you like me to proceed with the second blog: "GCP Machine Learning Engineer Training Course"?

Thursday, April 17, 2025

Introduction to Developer Efficiency with Gemini on Google Cloud – AI Superpowers for Coders

After spending nearly a decade working across DevOps, cloud engineering, and training tech professionals, one thing is crystal clear—developer productivity is the heart of innovation. And if you’re building on Google Cloud, the new game-changer you need to know about is Gemini. This blog is your friendly intro to “Introduction to Developer Efficiency with Gemini on Google Cloud”, and trust me, it’s one of the most exciting evolutions in cloud-native development.

"Efficiency is doing things right. Innovation is doing the right things—with AI, you can do both." 💡

🌟 What Is “Introduction to Developer Efficiency with Gemini on Google Cloud”?

This course is a must-take for developers, engineers, and tech leads who want to bring AI into their day-to-day workflow. Gemini on Google Cloud is Google’s generative AI assistant that integrates with your dev tools—making coding, debugging, and deploying faster and smarter.

It’s not just a tutorial. It’s a transformation. 💻✨

📌 What You’ll Learn

The course offers an eye-opening look into how Gemini enhances your coding experience by:

Autocompleting code snippets and functions using Gen AI
Integrating with Cloud Workstations, Cloud Shell, and IDEs like VS Code and JetBrains
Generating and explaining gcloud commands, Terraform, and YAML
Automating documentation, unit tests, and more
Exploring Gemini in BigQuery for SQL workflows
Boosting CI/CD pipelines with intelligent code suggestions

"You’re not replacing developers with AI—you’re making developers unstoppable with AI." 🧠

⚡ Why Gemini on Google Cloud Is a Game-Changer

Here’s the big picture: Cloud-native development is getting more complex. Developers are juggling infrastructure, automation, security, APIs, and performance all at once. Gemini steps in like your AI sidekick, helping reduce context-switching and making sure you never miss a beat.

Whether you're writing cloud functions, managing Kubernetes clusters, or tuning SQL queries—Gemini has your back.

🔗 Handy Resources to Power Up Your Learning

🧪 Real-World Dev Stories

A FinTech startup used Gemini to write Python APIs 40% faster—cutting sprint times in half.
A healthcare app integrated Gemini in BigQuery to analyze data with complex SQL—no data engineer needed.
An e-commerce dev team reported a 30% drop in bug-related delays by using Gemini’s real-time code suggestions.

"It’s not about coding faster. It’s about coding smarter—and AI brings the edge." ⚙️

💬 Final Thoughts

The "Introduction to Developer Efficiency with Gemini on Google Cloud" course is more than a learning module—it's a productivity mindset. It’s about embracing the tools that help you innovate faster, write cleaner code, and build with confidence in Google Cloud.

As AI becomes a core part of every tech stack, learning how to collaborate with tools like Gemini will become essential.

"Your next breakthrough might not come from more hours—it’ll come from the right tools." 🚀

Ready to code at the speed of thought? Start with Gemini. Power up your dev stack. And let Google Cloud take you to the next level. 🔥

Google Cloud Fundamentals: Core Infrastructure – Your Gateway to Mastering GCP Essentials

After spending over 9 years immersed in cloud computing, enterprise networking, and IT training, one thing I’ve learned is this—a solid cloud foundation is everything. Whether you’re deploying apps, building machine learning models, or automating workflows, it all starts with knowing your cloud inside and out. And if you’re stepping into the world of Google Cloud, then “Google Cloud Fundamentals: Core Infrastructure” is the absolute best place to start.

"Every skyscraper starts with a strong foundation. In tech, that foundation is cloud literacy." 🌐

💡 What is “Google Cloud Fundamentals: Core Infrastructure”?

This beginner-friendly course gives you a clear, hands-on introduction to the core services of Google Cloud—from compute and storage to networking and IAM. Whether you're a developer, sysadmin, or just cloud-curious, this course is your fast-track ticket to understanding how GCP works and how to build on it.

And yes, it’s vendor-delivered, cloud-native, and built with real-world examples.

🚀 What You’ll Learn in This Course

Here's what’s packed into this Google Cloud starter kit:

GCP core services overview – Compute Engine, Cloud Storage, Cloud SQL, and more
Understanding regions, zones, and projects for resource organization
Role-based access and security through IAM (Identity and Access Management)
Introduction to Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) and network architecture
Basics of billing, monitoring, and cost management
Hands-on labs via Qwiklabs to reinforce every concept

"You don’t need to be an expert to get started. You just need the right start." 🚀

☁️ Why This Course Is a Must-Take for GCP Aspirants

This isn’t just another training course—it’s a gateway to Google Cloud certifications, DevOps journeys, and AI/ML integrations. If you’re planning to earn certifications like Associate Cloud Engineer or Professional Cloud Architect, this is your on-ramp.

Plus, you’ll understand how all other services (like BigQuery, GKE, or Vertex AI) connect back to the core infrastructure.

🔗 Helpful Resources & Blogs to Dive Deeper

📘 Google Cloud Fundamentals: Core Infrastructure - Coursera
🔍 Google Cloud Fundamentals – Skill Boosts Lab Tour
🧠 Google Cloud Free Tier – Try Before You Buy
🛠️ Google Cloud IAM Overview
🔗 GCP Networking Concepts Made Easy
💰 Google Cloud Pricing Calculator

🧪 Real-World Relevance

A tech startup scaled from prototype to production on GCP using the exact services taught in this course.
A healthcare firm used IAM policies learned here to secure sensitive patient data while maintaining developer agility.
An e-commerce business reduced infrastructure costs by moving to preemptible VMs after learning about Compute Engine options.

"The cloud doesn’t just scale your business. It scales your potential." 💡

🎯 Final Thoughts

“Google Cloud Fundamentals: Core Infrastructure” isn’t just a course—it’s your first step toward becoming cloud fluent. It demystifies the GCP ecosystem and gives you hands-on skills to build, secure, and manage cloud-native environments confidently.

With the growing demand for Google Cloud talent, now is the best time to level up.

"Don’t wait to be cloud-ready—get cloud-confident today."

So, are you ready to dive into the Google Cloud universe? Start with the core, build smart, and let GCP do the heavy lifting. 💻☁️

Implementing Cisco SD-WAN Solutions: Mastering Modern WAN with Cloud-First Connectivity

Having spent the past 9+ years immersed in enterprise networks, cloud architecture, and hybrid infrastructures, I’ve witnessed a massive shift—where traditional wide area networks (WANs) are making way for cloud-first, intelligent SD-WANs. If you're diving into Implementing Cisco SD-WAN Solutions, you're not just modernizing the network—you’re future-proofing it.

And if you’re like me—someone who loves automation, scalability, and anything Google Cloud—you’ll love how Cisco SD-WAN integrates tightly with GCP’s backbone and services.

"The future of networking isn’t just software-defined. It’s cloud-defined."

🚀 What is “Implementing Cisco SD-WAN Solutions”?

This course is your golden ticket into the world of next-generation WAN architecture. It equips you to deploy, configure, operate, and optimize Cisco’s SD-WAN infrastructure—which is essential for building reliable, scalable, and cloud-ready enterprise networks.

And when you layer it with Google Cloud interconnects, Cloud Monitoring, and AI-driven insights, it becomes unstoppable.

🧠 What You’ll Learn in This Course

From basics to deployment best practices, this course gives you the full lowdown:

Deploying and managing vSmart, vBond, and vManage
Establishing secure overlay networks across branch, cloud, and data centers
Application-aware routing (yes, you can give your Zoom calls VIP treatment!)
Traffic segmentation and optimization
Direct integration with Google Cloud Interconnect and Cloud Router
Real-time analytics using ThousandEyes + Google Cloud Monitoring

“Connectivity is no longer about wires and routers—it’s about intelligence, agility, and cloud reach.”

☁️ Why Google Cloud + Cisco SD-WAN Is a Game-Changer

Why does GCP matter here? Well:

You can establish dynamic IPsec tunnels from SD-WAN branch edges to Google Cloud workloads
Leverage Google Cloud Backbone to reduce latency between your users and applications
Automate GCP VPC connectivity with Cloud Router and BGP using SD-WAN policies
Monitor network health end-to-end with Google Cloud Operations Suite

“When your WAN speaks cloud, your users feel the difference.”

🔗 Recommended Learning Resources

🔹 Official Cisco SD-WAN Training
🔹 Cisco SD-WAN Documentation
🔹 Cisco SD-WAN and Google Cloud Integration Guide
🔹 GCP Networking Overview
🔹 Google Cloud Interconnect Overview
🔹 How Cisco SD-WAN Powers Cloud Apps on GCP

🛠️ Real-World Scenarios

A retail chain deployed Cisco SD-WAN across 200+ stores, directly linking them to GCP-hosted POS systems, ensuring low-latency and secure transactions.
A financial institution used SD-WAN policies to route customer traffic to GCP-hosted services with automated failover across multiple ISPs.
A media company integrated Cisco SD-WAN with Google Cloud CDN, delivering faster video content while controlling bandwidth at the branch level.

“Your WAN should adapt to your apps—not the other way around.”

✨ Final Thoughts

Whether you're a network engineer, cloud architect, or IT manager, Implementing Cisco SD-WAN Solutions will elevate your network game. This isn't just about SD-WAN—it's about building cloud-smart networks that scale with your business.

With Google Cloud as your strategic backend and Cisco SD-WAN as your delivery engine, you're building networks that are agile, intelligent, and unstoppable.

“Great networks don’t just connect locations—they empower users and accelerate innovation.”

So, are you ready to connect the dots between the edge and the cloud? Cisco SD-WAN + Google Cloud is the winning combo. Let’s architect a WAN that actually understands your apps. Let’s build smarter.

Developing Applications Using Cisco Core Platforms and APIs: Building Next-Gen Apps in a Cloud-First World

With over 9 years of hands-on experience in cloud computing and enterprise network automation, I’ve seen how drastically the application development landscape has changed. One major trend? The convergence of networking and application development—especially when platforms like Cisco DevNet and Google Cloud join forces. If you’re diving into Developing Applications Using Cisco Core Platforms and APIs, you’re on the right track to becoming a hybrid cloud innovator.

"Code is powerful. But code that talks to the cloud? That’s transformational."

🔧 What Is “Developing Applications Using Cisco Core Platforms and APIs”?

This Cisco training is designed to teach developers and engineers how to build secure, intelligent, and scalable applications that integrate tightly with Cisco infrastructure using REST APIs, webhooks, and SDKs. But here’s the cool part—it doesn’t stop at Cisco.

You’ll learn how to blend Cisco’s powerful on-prem platforms with Google Cloud’s scalability and AI services to create modern, cloud-connected applications.

“Don’t just build apps—build bridges between platforms.”

🧠 What You’ll Learn in This Course

Think of this course as your DevNet bootcamp meets cloud-native architecture crash course. It's hands-on, real-world, and built for hybrid-ready developers.

Here’s what’s inside:

Using Cisco DNA Center APIs for network automation
Integrating with Cisco Meraki and Webex APIs
Automating workflows with Cisco SD-WAN vManage
Calling Google Cloud services (like Vertex AI or Cloud Functions) from your Cisco apps
Building modern, scalable frontends and backends using RESTful APIs and Webhooks
Secure authentication using OAuth, tokens, and cloud identity integrations

“In a world of APIs, your network is your application’s best ally.”

🚀 Why Developers Should Care

Let’s be real—cloud-native development isn’t just about using Firebase or BigQuery anymore. It's about connecting your apps to the real-world infrastructure they live on. With Cisco’s APIs and Google Cloud’s services, you can:

Trigger network changes from your app in real-time
Automate cloud-based CI/CD workflows with DevNet
Create intelligent, location-aware apps by combining Meraki + Google Maps API
Build voice-enabled interfaces using Webex and Google Cloud Speech APIs

“When Cisco APIs meet Google Cloud, you’re not building apps—you’re building experiences.”

🔗 Recommended Resources for Your Learning Journey

🌍 Real-World Use Cases

A logistics startup used Meraki APIs with Google Maps to create a real-time fleet tracker that updates routes based on network congestion.
A smart building company integrated Cisco Webex APIs with Google Cloud Vision to build a face-recognition-based room booking system.
A university campus automated IT tasks using Cisco DNA APIs and triggered Slack alerts via Google Cloud Functions.

“Your API is your new UI. Make it intelligent, make it integrated.”

🎯 Final Thoughts

If you're a cloud developer, network engineer, or DevOps pro ready to bridge the gap between infrastructure and innovation, Developing Applications Using Cisco Core Platforms and APIs is a must-do. This course equips you to harness Cisco’s robust platforms and connect them seamlessly with the power of Google Cloud.

Let’s face it—cloud apps today need to be smarter, faster, and better connected. And this course helps you build exactly that.

“Great apps don’t just run—they communicate, automate, and scale.”

Ready to level up your development skills? Let’s build apps that aren’t just smart—but cloud-native, network-aware, and future-ready. I’ve helped dozens of devs do the same. Let’s connect!

Monday, March 24, 2025

CCNA Certification Guide: Your Path to Networking Success

The Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification is one of the most recognized networking credentials worldwide. It validates foundational networking skills and opens doors to lucrative IT careers. Whether you’re a beginner or an IT professional looking to enhance your skills, this guide will help you understand the CCNA certification, its benefits, exam details, and study tips to ace it.

Why CCNA Certification is Important

CCNA is a globally recognized certification that enhances your networking career prospects. Here’s why earning a CCNA certification is valuable:

Industry Recognition: A well-respected credential that validates networking expertise.
Career Advancement: Boosts job opportunities and salary potential.
Skill Validation: Covers essential networking, security, automation, and troubleshooting skills.
Pathway to Higher Certifications: Serves as a stepping stone for CCNP and CCIE certifications.

Also Read: Top 5 Cisco Certifications for 2025 and Cisco Certification Costs

CCNA Certification Overview

The CCNA certification covers a broad range of networking topics essential for IT professionals. Here’s an overview:

Exam Code: 200-301 CCNA
Duration: 120 minutes
Format: Multiple-choice, drag-and-drop, simulations
Passing Score: Varies per exam cycle
Validity: 3 years

Skills Covered

Networking fundamentals (IP addressing, routing, switching)
Network security basics
Automation and programmability
Wireless networking concepts
IP connectivity and services

Who Should Take the CCNA Certification?

CCNA is ideal for:

Aspiring network engineers and administrators
IT professionals looking to validate networking skills
College graduates entering the networking industry
Professionals transitioning into network security or cloud computing

Prerequisites

No formal prerequisites required
Basic understanding of networking concepts is recommended

CCNA Exam Topics Breakdown

The CCNA exam focuses on various networking domains. Here’s a breakdown:

1. Network Fundamentals

OSI and TCP/IP models
IPv4 and IPv6 addressing
LAN/WAN technologies

2. Network Access

VLANs and trunking
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
EtherChannel

3. IP Connectivity

Routing protocols (OSPF, static routing)
IPv4 and IPv6 routing concepts

4. IP Services

DHCP, DNS, NAT, NTP
SNMP and Syslog

5. Security Fundamentals

Access control lists (ACLs)
VPNs and firewalls
Secure network management

6. Automation and Programmability

Network automation tools (Ansible, Python, APIs)
SDN concepts

CCNA Job Roles and Salary Potential

Earning a CCNA certification qualifies you for several IT roles. Here’s an estimate of potential salaries:

Job Role	Average Salary (USD)
Network Engineer	$70,000 - $100,000
Network Administrator	$60,000 - $90,000
Systems Administrator	$55,000 - $85,000
IT Support Engineer	$50,000 - $75,000

(Source: Payscale, Glassdoor)

How to Prepare for the CCNA Exam

To succeed in the CCNA exam, follow these study strategies:

1. Hands-On Practice

Use Cisco Packet Tracer or GNS3 for network simulations.
Set up real or virtual lab environments.

2. Enroll in Training Courses

Cisco’s official CCNA training course
Online platforms like Udemy, Coursera, or NetCom Learning

3. Take Practice Exams

Use CCNA practice tests to identify weak areas.
Review Cisco’s official exam blueprint.

4. Join Networking Communities

Participate in forums like Cisco Learning Network and Reddit.
Connect with CCNA-certified professionals for insights.

5. Study Official Cisco Books

CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide by Wendell Odom

CCNA Certification Renewal and Next Steps

Certification Renewal

CCNA certification is valid for three years.
Renew by passing a higher-level Cisco exam or earning CE credits.

Next Steps After CCNA

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) for advanced networking skills.
Cybersecurity Certifications like Cisco CyberOps Associate.
Cloud Networking Certifications like AWS Certified Advanced Networking – Specialty.

Conclusion

The CCNA certification is a gateway to a rewarding networking career. Whether you are starting in IT or looking to advance, obtaining the CCNA validates your expertise and enhances job opportunities. With structured preparation and hands-on practice, you can achieve CCNA certification and take the next step in your networking career.

Start your CCNA journey today and take your networking career to the next level!

Monday, February 24, 2025

Best Cisco Certification Courses : The Ultimate Guide for 2025

Cisco certifications are among the most recognized and sought-after credentials in the IT networking sector. Whether you're just starting or an experienced professional, earning a Cisco certification can significantly enhance your career. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of Cisco courses, certification levels, and how they can help you achieve your professional goals.

Importance of Cisco Certifications

Cisco certifications validate your networking expertise and IT infrastructure skills. Here’s why they matter:

Globally Recognized: Cisco is a leading name in networking technologies, making its certifications highly respected worldwide.
Career Advancement: Certified professionals enjoy better job prospects and higher salaries.
Skill Development: Cisco courses provide hands-on experience and a deep understanding of networking concepts.
High Industry Demand: Companies rely on Cisco-certified professionals to manage and secure their networks effectively.

Cisco Certification Levels

Cisco offers certifications across multiple levels, categorized by expertise:

Entry-Level
Associate-Level
Professional-Level
Expert-Level
Architect-Level

1. Entry-Level Certifications

Cisco Certified Support Technician (CCST)

Ideal For: Beginners exploring networking careers.
Skills Gained: Basic networking concepts, security fundamentals, and troubleshooting techniques.
Prerequisites: No prior experience needed.

2. Associate-Level Certifications

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)

Ideal For: IT professionals, network engineers, and students.
Skills Gained: IP connectivity, network security, automation, and network access fundamentals.
Prerequisites: Basic understanding of networking is recommended.

Cisco Certified CyberOps Associate

Ideal For: Those interested in cybersecurity.
Skills Gained: Cybersecurity fundamentals, threat monitoring, and incident response.
Prerequisites: Basic knowledge of IT security.

3. Professional-Level Certifications

Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP)

Ideal For: IT professionals and network engineers looking to advance their networking expertise.
Skills Gained: Enterprise networking solutions, security, and routing & switching.
Prerequisites: 2-3 years of networking experience recommended.

Cisco Certified DevNet Professional

Ideal For: Developers and IT professionals focusing on network automation.
Skills Gained: APIs, software development, and automation using Cisco technologies.
Prerequisites: Knowledge of programming and networking basics.

4. Expert-Level Certifications

Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE)

Ideal For: Senior networking experts and architects.
Skills Gained: Advanced networking concepts, security, automation, and troubleshooting.
Prerequisites: Over 5 years of networking experience recommended.

5. Architect-Level Certification

Cisco Certified Design Expert (CCDE)

Ideal For: Network architects and senior engineers.
Skills Gained: Network design, enterprise infrastructure, and business strategies.
Prerequisites: At least 7 years of experience in network architecture.

Selecting the Right Cisco Certification

For Beginners: Start with CCST or CCNA to build a strong foundation.
For Networking Experts: CCNP is ideal for in-depth networking knowledge.
For Cybersecurity Professionals: CyberOps or CCNP Security is recommended.
For Automation & Software Development: DevNet certifications are the best choice.
For Senior Professionals: CCIE or CCDE is suitable for high-level expertise.

Effective Study Strategies for Cisco Certifications

Hands-On Practice: Utilize Cisco Packet Tracer or real networking equipment.
Practice Exams: Identify weaknesses and refine your knowledge before the exam.
Join Cisco Communities: Connect with experts for insights and learning resources.
Enroll in Cisco Training Programs: Leverage Cisco’s official online and instructor-led courses.

Conclusion

Cisco certifications are a stepping stone to a rewarding career in networking, security, and IT infrastructure. By selecting the right certification and preparing diligently, you can enhance your skills, improve job prospects, and stay ahead in the evolving IT landscape in 2025 and beyond.